Analyzing the Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model Induced by Adeno-associated Viral Vectors Encoding Human α-Synuclein

interactiveprotocols interactiveprotocols — 2022-08-27

Chitosan-hybridized biogenic silver nanoparticles (Ch@BSNP) were synthesized with the extracellular metabolites of Trichoderma viride. Chitosan hybridization- and T. viride-derived compounds associated with the particles were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. The particles had a ζ-potential 19.2 mV and a hydrodynamic size of 97.74 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.198. TEM analysis revealed particles of spherical shape and actual size range between 30 and 35 nm. The antimicrobial activity of these particles was compared to chitosan alone and nonhybridized particles against three bacterial phytopathogens, viz, Pseudomonas syringae, Erwinia chrysanthemi, and Xanthomonas campestris. The zone size was 50.0, 29.75, and 34.00 mm with Ch@BSNP, respectively, while the corresponding values for BSNP were 29.75, 23.5, and 18.00 mm. In a liquid culture assay, exposure to Ch@BSNP significantly decreased the size of bacterial cells from 3905.00 to 2711.00 nm for P. syringae, from 3484.00 to 3386.00 nm for E. chrysanthemi, and from 7823.33 to 5956.33 nm for X. campestris. Similar increased activity of Ch@BSNP was also observed against four fungal plant pathogens, viz, Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria alternata, and Alternaria brassicicola. The Ch@BSNP also demonstrated lower toxicity on noncancerous human cell lines than antimicrobial efficacy. In a greenhouse study, Ch@BSNP reduced the leaf spot disease incidence in tomato by up to 60% and also enhanced several physical and physiological attributes, viz, root and shoot lengths, fresh and dry weights, and chlorophyll and carotenoid contents compared to the diseased plant. These observed beneficial effects and overall biocompatibility of Ch@BSNP suggest that this material may be a safe and effective antimicrobial bioagent for sustainable nano-enabled agriculture.

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shishir daniel — 2022-09-12

The existence of eels in a freshwater area is influenced by various factors, one of which is the availability of habitats that are suitable for the life of eels. East Nusa Tenggara Province is an archipelago that is mentioned as one of the distribution areas for eel in Indonesia. However, the type and size of eel is strongly influenced by the distance it finds. The farther the river is from the estuary, the larger the size of the eel and the different types. As eurihaline migratory fish, eels can swim far upstream to find a suitable habitat for their life. This study aims to analyze the relationship between location distance and the size and dominance index of eel in freshwater in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). This research was conducted from October to April. The results obtained are that the three rivers in East Nusa Tenggara province, namely the Tarus river in Kupang district, the Oetona river in Kupang city and the Kamaifui river in Alor district, managed to catch 71 eels at a fishing distance of 0.69 km to 7.86 km. from the mouth of the river. Based on the ano-dorsal analysis, two types of eel caught in the Tarus and Kamaifui rivers were identified, namely Anguilla marmorata and Anguilla nebulosa nebulosa, while in the Oetona river only A. marmorata was found. Based on the calculation of the dominance index, the most dominant species in fresh waters of NTT is A. marmorata.

Interactive Protocols

Analyzing the Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model Induced by Adeno-associated Viral Vectors Encoding Human α-Synuclein

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